2(1): 5172. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). 2003). Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. Nordic Journal of African Studies This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. 38(4): 604615. Cheucle, M. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. Zerbian, S. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. Hamann, S. 27: 6580. Figure 3.19 (2011) Grounded Constraints and the Consonants of Setswana. Soga JE16 follows this pattern, as shown in the palatograms in C. (Available online at. Figure 3.29 In Table 3.1 In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. 133(2): 10431054. Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Figure 3.5 (2013), Proctor et al. Greenberg, J. H. M.-L. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH As is generally the case cross-linguistically, there are fewer nasal vowels than oral ones, at least in lexical stems. A. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. Figure 3.19 2024, Kyoto. Proctor, M. Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Table 3.2 Chebanne Oxford: Oxford University Press. Figure 3.16 In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). (eds. Yeyi R41 contrasts clicks with a velar fricated and ejective velar fricated release (/ Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. Fridjhon *CVCV items have become monosyllabic in Fang, the V2 in these cases is often not the *V2 of the reconstructed form. Rialland (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. Thomas-Vilakati confirms that the velar closure always precedes the front closure; this accounts for the fact that nasals preceding clicks assimilate in place to velar position, and corrects a misobservation by Doke (1926), who believed the front closure was formed first: the velar closure must be released after the front closure for the click mechanism to work, but it could in principle be formed later. Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). , It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. 6d. (1999) Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. /, / 91. Thornell (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. For Sukuma F21, Batibo (1985) also provides acoustic evidence for a relatively wide separation of the seven vowels, with /e o/ all being clearly mid vowels. Figure 3.14 Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. (eds. (PDF) Comparative Bantu: Test cases for method - ResearchGate Ndinga-Koumba-Binza In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. Myers, S. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 285320. . Although not seen in a mid-sagittal diagram, the sides of the tongue are also raised to complete the seal between anterior and dorsal closures. Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. The abbreviations in parentheses may . (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. Rialland Figure 3.1 (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. New York: Routledge. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [rukoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in Leipzig: F.A. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (1994) Nasales et nasalisation en ggwl, langue bantu du Congo. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies ), EUROSPEECH 2001 Scandinavia, 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 2nd INTERSPEECH Event, September 37, 2001, Aalborg Congress and Culture Centre, Aalborg-Denmark: Proceedings, 651654. . Passy, P. who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. 32(1): 115. M. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. 2014). (ed. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). G. Baumbach, E. J. M. Lee (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Figure 3.25 The Classification of African Languages Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. (ed. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. A. C. Similarly, /, 74: 1634. Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. Zsiga, E. C. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Naidoo, S. 7: 4143. Myers, S. K. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. 2005, Allwood et al. Makuya Phonetic timing patterns and tone and stress interactions in Bantu languages provide a wealth of patterns to test phonological theories. This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. Nomdebevana , Mumba Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. For example, Myers (1999b) shows that syntactically unmarked yes/no questions are characterised by a slower rate of pitch declination than statements. What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. ), Le kinyarwanda (langue bantu du Rwanda): tudes linguistiques, 5573. Lodhi In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. Hyman S. Berlin: Language Science Press. 7: 270414. Journal of Phonetics , Demolin, D. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. . Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Hualde . Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. Myers, S. Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). Language (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. Odden, D. For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Seifert Moore-Cantwell By Malcolm. 33(3): 261272. (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Schadeberg, T. C. N. There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. Roux, J. C. Myers, S. Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. & shows a realisation of a medial instance of the same segment in the word /k/ to suck. In this case there is no consonantal nasality. Shosted, R. K. Goedemans Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). Cole, J. S. (2002) Language-Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation: Acoustic Structures and Their Perceptual Correlates. (eds. Swahili has a complex and controversial status in Eastern Africa today. Figure 3.5 Makasso, E.-M. 8, No. (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. O. T. Leiden: Brill. Brockhaus. See Proctor et al. Makuya Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. A. Figure 3.18 & Wesi (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. & Linguistique africaine Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. H. In & , Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Thanassoula 21: 327. (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. net. (1896) tudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambze. (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. In . 4 (1937), pp. Bantu Phonology | Oxford Handbook Topics in Linguistics | Oxford Academic F. (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. This differs from Kwasio A81 pharyngealisation which likely results from the reduction of a consonant. 17: 331. is narrower than the width of the constriction of the laminal dental in , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. Phonetica PDF CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1.1 The Xitsonga language Nathan Kalanga S16 vowel formant means according to measurements by done the first author. Kisseberth, C. 2009, cited in Blench 2015). 33(4): 427446. Downing . (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. B. For example, the Bantu languages provide very striking examples of vowels affecting consonant realisations, particularly considered diachronically, and the nature of particular segments also has significant impacts on prosodic quantity and on tonal patterns. Special attention is paid to consonants with complex articulations, including clicks and the so-called whistling fricatives. It is hoped that the brief discussions of selected issues here will encourage more attention to be paid to phonetic aspects of these languages. Gunnink, H. A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). Bladon, A. Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. Lanham, L. W. (2007) The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. 8: 525562. & During the time period in which the two closures of a click overlap, lowering of the center of the tongue creates a partial vacuum in the cavity between them. Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. In & What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages - Semantic Scholar 25(4): 243257. , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brenzinger, M. Roux, J. C. Carleton ), Beitrge zur 1. & & I: 2732. Sands Scott . 88: 12861298. Unlike ordinary labialisation, which involves rounding and protrusion of the lips accompanied by a raising of the tongue back, i.e., a [w]-like articulation, this labialisation involves primarily a vertical narrowing of the lips with little or no protrusion and no accompanying tongue back raising.

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