government site. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. follow a regular sleep schedule. Further studies with a larger series of patients are warranted. Joints. MeSH Keep an eye out for temporary confusion, a staring spell, uncontrollable jerking, loss of consciousness, fear, anxiety or deja vu. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Thats because B6 is involved in the making of several neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). What Really Happens to Your Body When You Take Collagen, Strengthen Joints With These Collagen-Rich Foods, Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Shark Cartilage", Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research: "Beneficial Effects of Collagen Hydrolysate: A Review of Recent Developments", Cleveland Clinic: "The Best Way You Can Get More Collagen", Nutrients: "A Collagen Supplement Improves Skin Hydration, Elasticity, Roughness, and Density: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blind Study", Allergology International: "Allergy to fish collagen: Thermostability of collagen and IgE reactivity of patients' sera with extracts of 11 species of bony and cartilaginous fish", Mayo Clinic: "Food Allergy Symptoms and Causes", Journal of Drugs and Dermatology: "Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications", Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology: "Oral supplementation with specific bioactive collagen peptides improves nail growth and reduces symptoms of brittle nails", Nutrients: "The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Knee Joint Discomfort in Young Physically Active Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial", Current Protein and Peptide Science: Hydroxyproline: A Potential Biochemical Marker and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Different Diseases, Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat or other parts of the body, Wheezing, nasal congestion or trouble breathing, Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. Imdad K, et al. Lily Wong-Kisiel, M.D., Pediatric Neurologist, Mayo Clinic: Hi, I'm Dr. Lily Wong-Kisiel, a pediatric neurologist at Mayo Clinic. They also may be caused by an infection such as meningitis or another illness. Collagen is a protein the most plentiful protein in your body, according to the Cleveland Clinic, and its production decreases as you age. There are plenty of research-backed benefits of taking collagen, and for most people, the side effects of collagen are minimal. Epilepsy is common. information submitted for this request. Many individuals with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure each time. Yes, collagen can be damaged by a high sugar diet and smoking, both of which cause inflammation in the body. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Epilepsies. Adding a powdered collagen supplement to a flavored drink, like coffee or a smoothie, can help you avoid its aftertaste. The device can detect seizure activity and deliver electrical stimulation to stop the seizure. It might even be visual, such as a steady or flashing light, a color, or a shape. A review of the multi-systemic complications of a ketogenic diet in children and infants with epilepsy. An association between seizures and the larger amount of collagen could furthermore point to a causal relationship, suggesting an important role of collagen in the pathogenesis of seizures in T. solium neurocysticercosis. 2017; doi:10.1007/s10143-016-0725-8. If you eat only plant foods, you may need more B6 to make up for this difference (36). keep a journal of . These seizures may alter emotions. Collagen Side Effects Taking collagen powder or other collagen supplements can cause: Hypercalcemia Allergic reaction A foul taste in your mouth Collagen supplements may not be suitable for people with kidney problems, such as kidney stones or chronic kidney disease. Neurontin side effects: How do I manage them? Nutrient deficiencies, including B6, can disrupt the immune system. Accessed Jan. 27, 2023. Patterson JW. Newmaster K, et al. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency. Transcranial magnetic resonanceguided focused ultrasound for temporal lobe epilepsy: A laboratory feasibility study. Lescrauwaet E, et al. It can cause bleeding in an area of the brain or a new stroke. Alcohol withdrawal may also trigger a first-time seizure. http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/who-gets-epilepsy. Some oral collagen supplements can leave a bad taste in the mouth, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Seizures and epilepsy in children: Initial treatment and monitoring. April 21, 2022. PMC Collagen contains 19 different amino acids, with a lot of hydroxyproline, which is not found in any other amino acids and helps your skin heal and glycine, which helps your cells grow and stay healthy, allowing your muscles and brain to work better and your body to remove glucose from your bloodstream, among other things. Accessed March 10, 2023. Epub 2007 May 28. de Lanerolle NC, Brines M, Williamson A, Kim JH, Spencer DD. Epilepsy Foundation. (2014). Or they might include an emotion such as fear. Get seizure smart. Ann Neurol. Epileptic encephalopathy is a group of neurologic conditions that cause severe seizures as well as other symptoms. Foaming at the mouth is a rare physical symptom of opioid overdose, seizures, rabies, and poisoning. Recent advance in the use of focused ultrasound as a treatment for epilepsy. Ferri FF. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/scleroderma/advanced. Consuming enough of all these vitamins may then be needed to clear up glossitis (15). information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Schachter SC. These cells regulate immune function, helping it respond appropriately. They may include fear, anxiety or a feeling that you've already lived this moment, known as deja vu. When oxalate accumulates to high levels in the body, it can combine with calcium and form hard crystals, or kidney stones. Epilepsy affects people of all genders, races, ethnic backgrounds and ages. Some people might feel deja vu. In your body, B6 is involved in more than 150 enzyme reactions. Eating high protein foods like red meat, chicken skins and thighs, and bone broth. Many states have driver's license restrictions related to a driver's ability to control seizures. Accessed Sept. 22, 2021. This allows the cells to communicate. After a TBI, the seizures may occur immediately. Accessed Sept. 22, 2021. A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment. This can cause alterations in your fluid and electrolyte levels, resulting in seizures. The first cases were noted in the 1950s when babies were fed infant formula with insufficient B6 (26). Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. Autism spectrum disorder: A review. Both types can involve any of the other vascular or organ problems. If possible, move away from furniture and large objects. It's a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider before starting any type of collagen supplementation. Its characterized by seizures that develop in the presence of musical triggers. All rights reserved. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. If you think you have collagen vascular disease, visit your doctor for a blood test. These warning signs are known as aura. Kaur S, et al. Simon RP, et al. High calcium levels, or hypercalcemia, may occur as a possible side effect of shark cartilage collagen supplements specifically, according to the NLM. Collagen is made up of strong and stable fibers that work like glue to hold things in your body together and strengthen them. Chidimma is also on the women's tennis team at Dartmouth. Schachter SC. Yes, collagen can be damaged by a high sugar diet and smoking, both of which cause inflammation in the body. Listen to specialist Lily Wong-Kisiel, M.D., walk through the epilepsy basics. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. Liquid collagen is generally safe and well-tolerated. 2019; doi:10.1186/s13073-019-0678-y. 2010; doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02648.x. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/health-topics/deep-brain-stimulation. The rash can appear on your scalp, face, neck and upper chest. Seizure signs and symptoms may include: Temporary confusion. Red light therapy, also called low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), can help smooth out wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and stimulate collagen growth. The metabolic role of ketogenic diets in treating epilepsy. Even after having a single seizure, sometimes the diagnosis of epilepsy can't be made. Suddenly reducing alcohol consumption will affect the nervous system and can cause a seizure. Management of adult onset seizures. Seizures, generalized tonic clonic. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for classification and terminology. There are some myths about epilepsy we can dismiss. The epilepsies and seizures: Hope through research. This may happen because large amounts of inactive B6 can compete with and block the active PLP form of B6 in your body (27). Shortfalls of B6 may affect your mood, sometimes contributing to depression, anxiety, irritability and increased feelings of pain (16). There are many types of seizures that can occur in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Epilepsy Foundation. All rights reserved. (2015). Just keep in mind that other factors, such as your eating habits and physical activity, are also typically involved in diseases linked with high homocysteine and must be addressed. Even though it was discovered in 1932, scientists are still learning new things about it. Review/update the McGraw Hill; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. But it can take up to 4 months before it accumulates enough to take effect. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun can also gradually damage the collagen fibers in your skin, which can lead to sun damage. Without enough B6, you dont make adequate amounts of the calming neurotransmitter GABA, so your brain may become overstimulated. Surgeons implant thin wires called electrodes within certain areas of the brain to produce electrical impulses. You may have periods of unusual behaviors, feelings and sometimes loss of awareness. B6 is also closely linked with the functions of your nervous and immune systems (3, 5, 6). Some substances, like barbiturates, have a sedative effect on the brain. Learn the importance of each B vitamin, their deficiency symptoms, and the best food, Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that your body cant make on its own, so you need to get it from your diet or supplements. 2017; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.11.013. There are many kinds of seizures and many possible causes of seizures, including: Some seizures start in childhood, while others begin in adulthood. Neurology. 2022; doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2022.10.003. Stiff muscles. Recent evidence of collagen's chemoattractant properties and its role in epileptogenesis in animal models suggests that collagen may play a role in cellular migration and seizure activity in a subset of patients. However, Type II collagen is used to improve joints and bones, so it might not be absorbed as well if taken with other collagen supplements, like Types I and III. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. May 30, 2018. Varga J. So, yes, it is beneficial to take collagen supplements. Vitamin B deficiencies can cause a wide range of symptoms. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Sometimes people have rapid, uncontrollable shaking (convulsions) or lose consciousness. Others may see things that aren't there, known as hallucinations. Vezzani A, et al. Loss of consciousness or awareness. There are at least 16 types, but the most common are Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV. Here are some of the top foods that naturally supply B6, as well as common serving sizes (35): Notably, the forms of B6 in animal sources and fortified foods and supplements are generally better absorbed than the form found in plant foods. Seizures can cause symptoms such as muscle spasms, rolling eyes and jerky arms or legs. Absence seizures are marked by staring absently into space. Suddenly reducing alcohol consumption will affect the nervous system and. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2021. You can find collagen everywhere, from head to toe, including hair, muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, organs and all over in your skin. Accessed, Jan. 30, 2023. Accessed Jan. 27, 2023. Vitamin B12 is an important water-soluble vitamin that many people are deficient in. Find an epilepsy center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It may sometimes cause side effects, especially if you misuse it. Accessed Nov. 3, 2022. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. Additionally, continually taking too much of the inactive form of B6 (pyridoxine HCl) from supplements can also cause neuropathy. Though we don't always know why people suffer from epilepsy, ongoing research continues to build our knowledge and improve treatment options. Trying to decide if it's a good idea to take collagen? 2020; doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127. Sometimes people have rapid, uncontrollable shaking (convulsions) or lose consciousness. Other causes can be related to genetic abnormalities, prior brain infection, prenatal injuries or developmental disorders. This can happen with medicine that makes you urinate. The opposite of tonic seizures are atonic seizures, which result in a loss of muscle control. Accessed June 3, 2021. Injection of prophylactic lorazepam versus antiseizure drugs on the localization value of ictal SPECT studies and treatment-emergent adverse events: A single-center prospective study. This can prompt an immune or inflammatory response that leads to abnormal changes in your brains electrical activity. While there is no cure for scleroderma, treatments can ease symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Deep brain stimulation. Vecht CJ, et al. In fact, collagen is somewhat linked to weight loss because it's a protein, and a high-protein diet improves satiety and is tied to preventing weight regain after weight loss, per a September 2020 study in the Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Labiner DM, et al. This is especially true if you have any current medical conditions, have any allergies, take medications or are pregnant or breastfeeding. Find out the risk factors for post-stroke. Surgeons can remove the affected side of the brain, allowing the healthy hemisphere to adapt and assume the functions of the other side. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn't hereditary. The seizure lasts more than five minutes. Homocysteine is a byproduct created during protein digestion. Methotrexate. Genome Medicine. Some people may lose awareness during a seizure but others don't. Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Let's talk about the two types of seizures again: focal and generalized. This content does not have an English version. A staring spell. Breakfast cereals boast impressive health claims, but many are high in sugar and refined carbs. Folic acid and folate are two forms of vitamin B9. AskMayoExpert. Goldman L, et al., eds. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Car accidents. Fortunately, B6 deficiency is generally easy to avoid as long as you have healthy eating habits that include a variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, meats and fish. Signs of an allergic reaction, according to the Mayo Clinic, may include: If you have a known shellfish allergy or other marine allergies, it's important to avoid these supplements, as an allergic reaction could be life-threatening. 5th ed. See additional information. https://www.scleroderma.org/site/SPageServer/?pagename=patients_coping#.YUtmAflKjmY. 2022; doi:10.3390/nu14235074. Thats the protein in your red blood cells that helps carry oxygen throughout your body. 2022; doi:10.3390/children9091372. 2010 Jan 22;1311:166-74. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.024. This sun damage can be seen in skin biopsies, but it is also common to witness the damage in sagging skin and wrinkles. talk with a friend or therapist. However, some will have more than one type. They also act as antioxidants that work to prevent the breakdown of bundles of collagen, called collagen fibers. Besides feeling tired from anemia, B6 deficiency could also potentially contribute to tiredness due to its role in making the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin (24, 25). The most common substances associated with seizures include: Certain substances can induce seizures by altering neurotransmitter activity. Epilepsia. Li JM, Zeng YJ, Peng F, Li L, Yang TH, Hong Z, Lei D, Chen Z, Zhou D. Brain Res. There are several ways to promote the natural production of collagen. Certain medicines that treat pain, depression or help people stop smoking . This is different than seizures that appear in childhood, which are usually due to idiopathic epilepsy, or related to an unknown cause. While collagen supplements are considered safe for most people, there are some who may want to avoid them. A study on the correlations between comorbid disease conditions and central and peripheral neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Burkholder DB (expert opinion). What Is Collagen, and What Is It Good For. Last medically reviewed on June 11, 2021. In some people, the cause can be identified. This type of seizure can occur with or without loss of consciousness: Focal seizures without impaired awareness. Collagen also helps to maintain the resistance, elasticity and mobility of joints and connective tissue. The best care starts with an accurate diagnosis. No, collagen is not linked to weight gain. Many times, though, the cause is unknown. (2020). The reference daily intake (RDI) for vitamin B6 for non-pregnant adults is 1.7 mg (34). http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/devices/external-trigeminal-nerve-stimulation. Alcohol misuse, including during times of withdrawal or extreme intoxication. Accessed Nov. 3, 2022. Park AM. There have been select cases of B6-related anemia in which taking the inactive pyridoxine hydrochloride (HCl) form of the vitamin didnt help. It may cause drowsiness but it is less likely than some other anticonvulsants to interact with other medications. Notenboom RG, Hampson DR, Jansen GH, van Rijen PC, van Veelen CW, van Nieuwenhuizen O, de Graan PN. Invitae. Lyons MK. Both serotonin and GABA help control anxiety, depression and feelings of pain. Anyone can get scleroderma, but it does occur much more often in women than in men. and transmitted securely. 2006 Jan;129(Pt 1):96-107. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh673. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 25, 2023. Methods: Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, affects only the skin. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with It can cause sedation, loss of coordination, increased urination, hunger and thirst, restlessness, nausea and stomach upset. You could also experience involuntary jerking of body parts like your arm or your leg. Taking 2.5 to 10 grams of collagen daily seems to be safe and effective. Because epilepsy is caused by certain activity in the brain, seizures can affect any brain process. Creatine, St. John's wort, and ginkgo biloba were other DS implicated in possibly related seizure events. Accessed Nov. 3, 2022. Deep brain stimulation: Current and future clinical applications. Hirota T, et al. Most seizure disorders can be controlled with medicine. Chronic subthreshold cortical stimulation: A therapeutic and potentially restorative therapy for focal epilepsy. But in about half of people with epilepsy, there's no apparent cause. Descriptions Duloxetine is used to treat depression and anxiety. Raynaud's phenomenon also can occur in people who don't have scleroderma. Jerking movements of the arms and legs that can't be controlled. The person who had the seizure is pregnant. A thorough examination and testing are needed to distinguish epilepsy from other disorders. Seizure first aid training and certification. More recently, seizures due to B6 deficiency have been reported in adults. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Mayo Clinic. Tips Keppra may be given with or without food. Frontiers in Neuroscience. We'll look at why and what you, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. The symptoms diagnosis and treatment. The seizure is accompanied by heat exhaustion. The most common cause of seizures is epilepsy. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the These pathogens cause infection in brain tissue. Jankovic J, et al., eds. Englot DJ, et al. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides Powder ($15. Additionally, B6 helps your body make a protein called interleukin-2, which helps direct the actions of white blood cells (23). Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. People allergic to fish may have an allergic reaction to marine-based collagen, per an October 2020 report in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Infographic: Adult Epilepsy: Pinpointing Seizures, Infographic: Electrical Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy, Infographic: Pediatric Epilepsy Early Intervention, Mayo Clinic Minute: Demystifying epilepsy. Mukherjee M, et al. Severe general illness, including a severe infection of. Infections, inflammation and epilepsy. Accessibility If the seizures recur or get worse, it might mean that the tumor has grown, or caused bleeding or swelling. Although children or older adults are more susceptible, anyone can develop epilepsy. Up-regulation of hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. To see the most benefit, it's best to take collagen every day. If you suspect that your supplemental collagen can cause headaches or migraines, then exploring why you have this reaction and how to prevent it will be the first place to start. Emotional health problems that may affect people with epilepsy include: Other life-threatening complications of epilepsy are uncommon but may happen These include: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). When this happens, the seizure is known as a febrile seizure. 2019; doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000707. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107500. maintain a daily routine. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. The site is secure. Genetic causes of epilepsy. Several combined factors appear to influence the risk of developing scleroderma: Scleroderma complications range from mild to severe and can affect the: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Pregnancy complications. One reason B6 deficiency may result in skin rashes is that the vitamin helps synthesize collagen, which is needed for healthy skin. These are called adult-onset seizures. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. . You won't notice any immediate side effects when you stop taking collagen, but you might lose out on the benefits in the long run. The patients ranged in age from 24 to 50 years. They can cause collagen to stiffen and can inactivate proteins responsible for collagen repair ( 33 ). A seizure is caused by an abnormal change in the brains electrical activity. They can't actually swallow their tongue. Positive collagen labeling was identified, with the aid of both light and electron microscopy, in the parenchyma of all patients with TLE but not in the control tissues. JAMA Neurology. Accessed Nov. 11, 2022. Oral collagen doses ranging from 2.5 grams to 10 grams per day for up to 24 weeks were found to be generally safe with no adverse effects, according to a January 2019 review in the Journal of Drugs and Dermatology. Some people who have scleroderma may also have problems absorbing nutrients due to overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine. Low blood sodium. Vitamin B6 deficiency is more common in people with liver, kidney, digestive or autoimmune diseases, as well as smokers, obese people, alcoholics and pregnant women (2, 3, 4). Scientists are doing more research to figure out if women who experience PMS may actually have vitamin and mineral deficiencies (19, 20, 21). 8600 Rockville Pike https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Tonic seizures involve a stiffening of the back, arm and legs. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Seizure outcomes in nonresective epilepsy surgery: An update. Focal seizures that affect adults include: Generalized seizures involve both sides of the brain. Ding K, et al. Epub 2005 Nov 25. This content does not have an Arabic version. Accessed Nov. 3, 2022. It's most common in those with severe epilepsy that doesn't respond to treatment. Read on to learn what causes seizures in adults for the first time. The medications we have for epilepsy are incredibly effective. A case study published October 2016 in Allergology International found that fish collagen caused an allergic reaction in a 30-year-old person with a known marine allergy even when the supplement was produced using high-heat methods. As far as its role in the body, it helps make up the structure of our skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, and more, with the purpose of helping tissues be elastic and withstand stretching (so, for example, it keeps skin . , Why Your Lips Are Chapped (and How to Help Them), Skin Lightening Creams Are Dangerous And Harm Women, Women of Color Spend More Than $8 Billion on Bleaching Creams Worldwide Every Year. Mayo Clinic; 2022. Disorders of collagen. Nearly everyone who has scleroderma experiences a hardening and tightening of the skin. Adult onset seizures: Clinical, etiological, and radiological profile. https://www.invitae.com/en/sponsored-testing/behind-the-seizure. Invasive neuromodulation for epilepsy: Comparison of multiple approaches from a single center. Epilepsy & Behavior. More specifically, a deficiency in B6 can result in the decreased production of antibodies needed to fight infections (22). That can make you feel tired and weak. In fact, it's the most abundant protein in your body. In: Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Riggin EA Allscripts EPSi. In: Clinical Neurology. Seizure symptoms may include: Sometimes, people with epilepsy may have changes in their behavior. But the seizures don't cause a loss of consciousness. 10. Read on to get the facts. If you're on a vegetarian diet or if you're kosher, you may need to consider the source of collagen as most are derived from cow or marine sources. More recently, its been found that B6 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study the authors examined brain tissues obtained in patients undergoing temporal lobectomy surgery and in patients at autopsy (normal human control specimens), and compared the subcellular composition of regions of the hippocampus containing dispersed granule cells.

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