With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458493. (2004a). For everything except humanities, those numbers are far from 90% but they are still high: One third of social science articles go uncited! between 2008 and the present. For simplicity of the Note Citation counts for a year are the number of citations in the peer-reviewed literature for articles published in that year. Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,2(1), 917. Year on year, we have witnessed a small but increasing number of instances of the scenario described by Garfield long ago: prodigious publication in low-impact journals accompanied by high levels of author self-citation (Garfield 1979). Global citation inequality is on the rise | PNAS Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. In the past, as here, attention has been given to self-citation in isolation but in fact the co-authors also benefit. The overall distributions are shown in Fig. The 10-year averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same 10-year period. Normalized Indicators The 919,038 papers received a total of 4,667,747 citations. 2018; Andersen et al. The 10-year In most instances, the work is a scholarly work such as a peer-reviewed journal article. Gilbert, N. G. (1977). Institutional self-citation rates: A three-year study of universities in the United States. The distinction is important, however, since the two phenomena convey different meanings: Self-referencing describes how much an author (or group of authors) draws upon their own work to inform the present work. This was particularly true among the outliers, in other words: researchers who self-reference at unusually high rates (above the central range) are also authors on papers where an unusually high proportion of the citations received are self-citations. Leblond, M. (2012). Consequently, citation rates should not be interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Self-citations: The stepchildren of scientometrics? Schubert, A., Glnzel, W., & Thijs, B. We compared this to the papers under Article that WOS captured over the same 3-month period for that journal. The maximum number of citations was 664 and 120 papers were cited more than 100 times, of which 30 papers were cited more than 200 times. The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. 2019), although not all agree with this finding (DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019). From excessive journal self-cites to citation stacking: Analysis of journal self-citation kinetics in search for journals, which boost their scientometric indicators. We then quantify the number of citations these papers have received and compare rates to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over the same timeframe. Reasons behind the major increase in citations for Covid-19 articles seem straightforward. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410810844150. [but] it is quite difficult to use self-citation to inflate a citation count without being rather obvious about it. The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World,3, 122. Science and technology in a democratic order. 2017; Mishra et al. 2012; Adams 2013; Tang et al. This number dips only slightly to 82% when the smaller, randomized sample is compared. It uses Google Scholar to obtain the raw citations, then analyzes these and presents a variety of statistics. Heneberg, P. (2016). A standard boxplot normally displays 1.5 times the inter-quartile range (i.e. Researchers are ranked by publication count within field and then a cut-off is applied at the threshold set by the square root calculation. Social crowdsourcing tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. Zaggl, M. A. (2016). The patterns for the key parameters for self-citations (Fig. Grouped average number of citations per year for the set of https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017571. 2004, 2006; Glnzel and Thijs 2004a, b; Schubert et al. To address this gap in the literature we use WOS to examine citation rates for Covid-19-related articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 across 24 major scientific journals. This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations, given that they are usually covering a broader area. The identification of a fixed fraction, such as the upper decile, as outliers is evidently inappropriate. The outcomes of analysis of citations to and from highly cited papers broadly concur. Patterns of self-citation across disciplines (19801989). Snyder, H., & Bonzi, S. (1998). Citation impact - Wikipedia This emphasises the need for caution in understanding and interpreting the publication culture of a field. Ioannidis et al. ISBN 0 2625 37933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.009. A discussion of measuring the top-1% most-highly cited publications Tagliacozzo, R. (1977). 2015; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Median rates of self-referencing were generally within a small range, from 7.38% in Economics & Business (ECB) to 11.26% in Social Sciences (SSS) with upper quartiles below 16%. [1][2][3][4][5] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[6][7] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. A negative binomial regression model was used to assess for potential confounding variables (Table 3). Therefore, it is a direct measure of how many citations recently published articles in a given journal receive. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. Journal of Informetrics,10(2), 552566. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,33(5), 281284. Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. PLOS ONE, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, . The AWCR is very useful, but it only works if publishers enter the dates of their online materials correctly. Types of items Journals included Time periods for counts Average Citation Rates Thresholds Types of items counted Papers are defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. The influence of international collaboration on the impact of research results: Some simple mathematical considerations concerning the role of self-citations. World flash on basic research: The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric macro indicators. COVID-19 citation pandemic within the psychological knowledge domain 2022 Frontiers Media S.A. All Rights Reserved. The wider implication is that, despite the general and widespread pattern of self-cites across field profiles, care will always be required to interpret the particular statistics of any field-limited sample. On the shoulders of Robert Merton: Towards a normative theory of citation. In some instances, citation analysis may not provide the entire story of the impact of a research project. These outliers may be distinguished graphically by setting a threshold related to the inter-quartile range of the relevant dataset. The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the In 2021, Frontiers articles were viewed and downloaded 515 million times, totalling 1.5 billion overall. The Citation Rates table under the Field Baselines menu displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. A single average citation rate was obtained from this smaller sample as well. In every field-based profile, some researcher portfolios are on a steeper part of the curve with values above but continuous with the central range. The linear plot is of benefit because it allows ready interpretation and reference back to the original data values. (2016). In Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators (pp. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,98(610), 13471348. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.03. 129-144). The patterns of self-citation rates suggest a very broad cultural consensus about the balance between building on ones own work and recognising the influence of others. bioRxiv preprint, December 23, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.884031. This holds even when article volume is equated using a 1:1 sample of non-Covid to Covid articles as median citation is six times greater for the Covid-19 articles. Arxiv preprint. Schubert, A. 2006; Glnzel 2008; van Raan 2008; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Social Studies of Science,44(4), 625637. Scientometrics,109(3), 19892005. The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. The process captured in Fig. CiteScore metrics: A family of eight metrics and useful features. Baselines and subject schemas create The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. White (2001) described most instances of self-citation as egocentric without being egotistical and others have explained or defended the legitimate desire to make ones work visible to other scientists and scholars, in addition to indicating its relevance (Kaplan 1965; Pichappan and Sarasvady 2002; Hyland 2003; Glnzel et al. A baseline is the average performance of a global set of publications with the same subject area, document type and year. "Only" 12% of medicine articles are not cited, compared to about 82% (!) Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887. The field or subject area: t: Year: d: Document Type: n: The number of subjects to which a paper is assigned: i: . Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. Average citations increased from 3.9 in 2019 to 4.8 in 2020 for every article published with us. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. 2010; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Huang and Lin 2011; Schubert 2016; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. Thus, we can consider the core referencing behaviour of the overall group of Highly Cited Researchers, as research leaders, to be in accordance with precedents previously established. When negative binomial regression is used to minimize the influence of other variables such as article number variation and field of research, Covid-19 papers have still experienced more than 80% increase in citations relative to non-Covid-19 papers. (As noted above: central range is a descriptive, non-technical term used to indicate the consistent plateau of similar Highly Cited Researcher self-citation rates within each field that appears to reflect typical cultural self-citation behaviour.). Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. Analysis of the world's 20 largest publishers by volume, ranked by average number of citations in 2020 received by articles published in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (Dimensions, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500106. Though our method of locating Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers in the selected journals was more expedient, manual scouring of the journals themselves over the 24 months would have optimized both the sensitivity and specificity of locating and comparing the most comprehensive list of publications possible. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20868. If these papers were suppressed then this would not only be an appropriate signal to the offender and their co-authors but also serve to remove offensive noise from the research information system. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-1716-2. N=1.5 in this equation). useful reference points for comparison and they are the basis of normalization to overcome subject bias. Kim, S. Y., & Kim, Y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0565-9. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2018; Copiello 2019; Ioannidis and Thombs 2019). What do citation counts measure? (2015). Cham: Springer. As Covid-19 remains in the spotlight, the existing Covid-19 body of literature continues to be heavily leaned upon by scientists hoping to expand the existing knowledge further. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. 2019). Probing the effect of author self-citations on h index: A case study of environmental engineering. This is an increase of 64% over the previous year. relatively few highly cited papers. Some remarks on elitism in information and the invisible college phenomenon in science. Comparison of citation rates between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles Motivations for citations: A comparison of self-citation and citation to others. Of the 10 cities in our study where buying is more favorable than renting, five are in the Midwest. Next, articles without the terms Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for only non-Covid-19 articles in the journal. 2015; Bornmann 2017). You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. The dataset used for this analysis was the Web of Science list of Highly Cited Researchers for 2019. A younger person with few publications would not generally exhibit high rates of self-citation. Toward the discovery of citation cartels in citation networks. It is measured each year by the Web of Science Group and reported in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). the journals of the American Society for Microbiology. ), Springer handbook of science and technology indicators (pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0006-3. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. [56] Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.[57]. Very importantly, however, the data here and in the Appendix show that in some fields, within the central normal range and below the statistical threshold, there can be a well-populated and unproblematic upper decile and even upper percentile. Bar plots show the total number of citations received in 20172020 to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters and data papers published in 20172020, with Frontiers journals in blue. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. Today, both excessive self-citation and citation cartels are real concerns and have been documented (Ioannidis 2015; Fister et al. The extended verification and manual curation applied to these data has enabled us to focus with some accuracy on the citation behaviour that is revealed and, since this group necessarily includes a high proportion of leading and influential researchers, the behaviour reflected in these data may be taken as a signal of established cultural norms. Author self-citations in the field of ecology. So the FWCI would be 23 / 18 = 1.28. 2. Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2010). Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Social Science Journal Impact Factor 2022-2023 Consequently, citation rates should not be We have created a publicly available database of 100,000 top scientists that provides standardized information on citations, h-index, coauthorship-adjusted hm-index, citations to papers in different authorship positions, and a composite indicator. Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). Small (2004) offered a synthesis of motives for citation, in which citations serve a dual function as vehicles of peer recognition and constructed symbols for specific original achievements. In practice, self-citation seems rarely to be an activity located at one pole or the otherdisinterestedness (Mertonian) or interestedness (social constructivist)but generally to occupy some middle ground along a spectrum of motivations and meanings. The rate at which authors self-reference can be a guide to cultural norms (and to outliers) as much as is the frequency of self-citing. in 2008 received 20.42 citations. & Thombs, B. D. (2019). Brooks, T. A. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of papers published in one research field in a given year. In addition, we included papers categorized by Web of Science as Review to capture meta-analyses and systematic reviews as well. The battle to define the meaning of a citation. (2020). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(9), 19231932. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,23(2), 2546. For an overview of FWCIs and how they're calculated, see: For a quick overview of field weighted citation impact metrics (which includes FWCI), see: Ebling Library, Health Sciences Learning Center Research Policy,48(2), 401413. These data are also summarised in the Appendix Table3. This means that other publications such as letters, editorials, perspectives, and opinions were not included in our search criteria which leaves a large number of publications out of the study. 237280). The change in trajectory close to the lower indicative outlier threshold, combined with a distinct break in the series around 27%, makes it questionable whether the next part of the series is still part of the normal range for the field, or represents a distinct sub-field with higher self-citing, or is indicative of inappropriate citation behaviour. What do citations count? 2019; Biagioli et al. Observation of the field profile is more informative than any average value and, for most fields, the central range lies below 10% self-citation. In W. Glnzel, H. F. Moed, U. Schmoch, & M. Thelwall (Eds. Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Krutovsky, K. V. (2008). A bibliometric approach to the role of author self-citations in scientific communication. How much is too much? The difference between research influence and In addition, we expect these findings to shed light on the influence that the current influx of Covid-19 literature will have on Journal Impact Factor (JIF) in the years ahead. These data are therefore susceptible to a thorough quantitative analysis that is unaffected by small-number effects among papers or cites for any single cluster. Merton, R. K. (1995). (2019) were right to draw attention to the statistical properties of these distributions: they have regular and testable properties. 2019). Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. Self-citations at the meso and individual levels: Effects of different calculation methods. Average Evidence-based Reading and Writing score: 529Average Math score: 521. This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. 2006; Minasny et al. Tang, L., Shapira, P., & Youtie, J. MATH To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. Sage Open, 9(1), article number 2158244019829575. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019829575. A Cited Reference Search will provide the number of times a particular publication has been cited in the Web of Science database since its publication. Citation rates of journal articles, chapters, and books. ESI provides Field Baseline tables based on specific research fields for citation analysis: Citation Rates and Percentiles. The influence of self-citation corrections and the fractionalised counting of multi-authored manuscripts on the Hirsch index. It takes into account the year of publication, document type and disciplines associated with its source. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. PLoS ONE, 13(9), article number e0195773. Google Scholar allows for searching of a particular work or author and retrieves results from a variety of sources such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, meeting abstracts, web sites, gray literature, PPTs and other formats. The median home value across these five cities, on average, is about $137,900. MacRoberts, M. H., & MacRoberts, B. R. (1989). volume123,pages 11191147 (2020)Cite this article. The IQR-related threshold tested in this analysis is highly conservative: it seeks to attach as many researcher portfolios as possible to the central range and to establish where the potentially most egregious outliers are located. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Schubert et al. time. Measurement in the Swedish Research Council's bibliometric system 2009, open citation window, self--citations included. It allows for contextual understanding as to the nature, purpose and motivation of the citingauthor/s and is a traditional tool for measuring impact using publication data. received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published The first of these reviews, produced by Fatori and Seekamp [10], assessed the literature from 1900 to 2015, and investigated cultural heritage and climate change in relation to geographic scope . Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Figure3 presents clear visual confirmation that the self-referencing rate across most fieldsshown here by rank order of the medianis rather low with a very consistent pattern which includes all but the most-citing three or four fields. 2), Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-citation to highly cited papers authored by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. 2019). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Baselines are annualized expected citation rates for papers in a research field. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. CiteScore covers all journal titles in Elsevier's Scopus database and is released once a year. We describe this graphical procedure for identifying exceptional self-citation rates but emphasize the necessity for expert interpretation of the citation profiles of specific individuals, particularly in fields with atypical self-citation patterns. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. 2010; Gul et al. The number of Highly Cited Researchers to be selected in each field is determined once the bulk of the highly cited papers in each field have been clustered by author. Qualifiers and confounding issues immediately arise when asking what constitutes excessive or extreme levels of author self-citation. In fact, the problem for the community is the research papers to which attention is falsely drawn by high citation counts generated by the author or authors. "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years are below the citation rate for all years. Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. This table shows some sample publications A-D that are in different subjects, and have different document types. Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., DeVries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). 2), Log plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. The distribution of the average percentage of references that were to self-papers and citations that were from self-papers for each Highly Cited Researcher was calculated. Gender differences in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. 2013). In I. Rafols, J. Molas-Gallart, E. Castro-Martinez & R. Woolley (Eds.

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