The HIA team needed an authoritative description on which to base its assessment. HIV-AIDS infection risk associated with oil-pipeline construction. Decisions are often based on incomplete information and must often be made within a specified time rather than waiting for more complete information. PMC Assessing the baseline health status of the affected population provides a reference point with which the predicted changes in health status may be compared; it identifies any groups that could be more vulnerable than the general population to the impacts of the proposal; and it provides an understanding of the factors that are responsible for determining health in the affected communities, and this, in turn, allows for a better understanding of how any changes in those factors may affect health. It is also common for local, state, or tribal health departments to undertake an HIA to inform another agencys decision-making. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. In the absence of mandates or formal procedures, topics for screening are often chosen on the basis of the interests of a group wishing to use HIA as opposed to a structured, strategic selection process. Accessibility Describes data sources and analytic methods and methods used to engage stakeholders. other key elements that will be important for the work moving forward. Given the broad scope of HIA practice settings, applications, and data sources, the committee chose not to develop specific standards or criteria for what constitutes adequate evidence or analysis for HIA. Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment (HIA), Version 1. Agreeing on a target population. It would then fall to the decision-makers to determine routes that met those criteria. 2006; World Bank 2010). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Additional modeling approaches, such as system-dynamic modeling and agent-based models, are also promising and emerging tools that could have applications to health. Because developing an alternative (such as suggesting an alternate route for a proposed highway) involves many considerations that may be outside the purview and expertise of an HIA team, the committee recognizes that it may not be practical to expect the HIA team to develop alternatives independently. Although completed HIA reports are readily available, peer-reviewed or gray literature that discusses the impacts of specific HIAs is still rare. Assessment: Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Assessing the Health Impacts of Road Pricing Policy Proposals. Action plans have mutually reinforcing activities. As discussed in this chapter, HIAs have been used for a wide variety of applications and at all levels of government (local, state, tribal, and federal) and have been conducted with varied resources over different schedules. 2005; Bhatia and Seto 2011). Finally, it is appropriate to include issues that are the subject of community concern even if they seem unlikely to be substantiated by further analysis. The bulleted list below provides examples in which some health impacts or behavioral outcomes have been quantified. This information can help develop a community health improvement plan by justifying how and where resources should be allocated to best meet community needs. Characterization of health effects in HIA relies on qualitative and quantitative evidence. All rights reserved. Across the field, there is little uniformity in the content of written HIA reports. Key elements that make up a health assessment at the - Course Hero A number of corporations and professional associations, such as the International Committee on Mining and Metals and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, have guidance for HIA, but relatively few completed industry-led HIAs or environmental, social, and health impact assessments are available on the Internet or on public Web sites that catalog HIA activity. 7 Components of a CHNA | Community Health Needs Assessment Stakeholders, however, may have insights into local conditions and potential solutions for addressing concerns raised by the proposal under consideration. Fehr R. Environmental health impact assessment: Evaluation of a 10 step model. One approach uses a logic framework that maps out the causal pathways by which health effects might occur (see Figure 3-1). Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment. Assignment of significance rests on the characterization of an effect as described above, but judgments regarding what constitutes a significant impact are ultimately determined partly on the basis of social and political values. Finally, effects that are plausible but are not supported by available evidence include fewer hospitalizations because workers are able to receive the preventive primary care needed to maintain good health. Castro A, Chen L, Edison B, Huang J, Mitha K, Orkin M, Tejani Z, Tu D, Wells L, Yeh J. Cave B, Curtis S. Developing a practical guide to assess the potential health impact of urban regeneration schemes. CDC is not responsible for the content of materials not generated by CDC. Community health assessment and community health improvement planning are continuous, systematic processes for assessing and addressing health needs in a community. This chapter has described HIA categories, defined HIA, discussed current HIA practice, noted variations in practice, and provided the committees conclusions regarding each step of the HIA process. Frank DA, Neault NB, Skalicky A, Cook JT, Wilson JD, Levenson S, Meyers AF, Heeren T, Cutts DB, Casey PH, Black MM, Berkowitz C. Heat or eat: The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program and nutritional and health risks among children less than 3 years of age. Health Impact Assessment for Regeneration Projects. That issue will probably continue to challenge the credibility of HIA practice in the eyes of some audiences and highlights the need for continued research and refinement of methods to improve its value to decision- makers (Petticrew et al. Chapter 4 discusses the extent to which an HIA can ensure the implementation of recommendations. Describes the baseline health status of the affected population with appropriate indicators, including prevalent health problems, health disparities, and social, economic, and environmental factors that affect health. The associations between expected disturbances and changes in health were then analyzed in more depth to look at the alternatives proposed for the expansion and at the cumulative effects of oil exploration and extraction. The committee concludes that the following are the most important factors to consider in determining whether to do an HIA: Ultimately, the HIA report should provide a rational and consistent explanation of how proposals are selected for screening. Outcome evaluation will continue to be challenging, but it can generate useful information in well-selected cases. The committee emphasizes that the effectiveness of recommendations depends not only on the scientific validity of the interventions identified but on their relevance to the affected communitys concerns and their applicability within the regulatory or legislative framework of the proposal being considered. The bulleted list below provides examples in which some health impacts or behavioral outcomes have been quantified. The steps can be described as follows: The following sections provide an overview of the process of conducting an HIA. Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning - NACCHO Morgan RK. Another categorization is based on the breadth of the HIA and distinguishes HIAs that have a tight focussuch as ones that use a narrow definition of health and emphasize quantification from HIAs that have a broader, holistic focus shaped by the social determinants of health (Kemm 2001). Others have proposed categorizing HIAs as participatory (emphasizing shared governance, public participation, and a focus on socioeconomic and environmental determinants), quantitative or analytic (concentrating on the methods and rigor of the analysis), or procedural (drawing on elements of the other two approaches but emphasizing the procedural steps required and often undertaken within a specified administrative or regulatory context) (Cole and Fielding 2007). Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. A decision-making bodysuch as a department of planning or transportation can conduct an HIA to inform its own decision. The first step in the framework is typically a determinant of health, such as air pollution, traffic, employment, or noise. The HIA notes that the area within which The Crossings is proposed to be built has the following characteristics: The HIA notes that the residential area is inhabited by a vulnerable population, that the built environment is of low quality, that the development will potentially have important health implications for residents in the local and surrounding communities, and that there is a strong commitment shown by the community and the developer to integrate health considerations into the planning process. 2010). We identified 11 common assessment and planning components across 18 models and requirements, with a particular focus on health department, health system, and hospital models and requirements. Becoming culturally competent is an ongoing process. UPH (Upstream Public Health). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Variations were found in race, age, employment status, poverty, car ownership, and mortality. Iteration during scoping and between scoping and assessment often results in additional changes in the final list of issues included in the HIA. Human Impact Partners and San Francisco Department of Public Health. It can also assess whether the HIA had other important effects, such as building new collaborations among agencies, ensuring that stakeholder perspectives were considered, and increasing awareness of previously unrecognized health considerations. Atlanta BeltLine Redevelopment Plan. The source of public funding for the project was the Tax Allocation District (TAD), and only within the districts boundaries could funding be collected and bond money spent. It is common for mitigation measures and design alternatives to be considered during scoping, to be refined as the assessment phase further characterizes the impacts and identifies their importance, and to be made final during the recommendations phase. In the United States, HIAs have commonly been undertaken by people who have an MPH or equivalent degree and have attended a brief (2- to 5-day) training session. Red Dog Mine Extension Aqqaluk Project. For example, in Alaska, one of the adverse impacts of a proposed mine expansion was the feared contamination of water and wildlife, and evidence suggested that a fear of contamination might lead communities to shy away from eating a traditional diet. Failure to disclose HIA results and incomplete disclosure are not restricted to industry. Most HIAs in the United States are therefore undertaken outside the formal decision-making process by organizations (such as nonprofit community-based groups), universities, or health departments that do not have decision-making authority over the proposals being addressed. Adopting a position for or against a proposal (for example, support for or opposition to a legislative proposal). 2017 Jul/Aug;23 Suppl 4 Suppl, Community Health Status Assessment:S14-S21. The final HIA report describes each factor (see below) and presents the results of the scoping. The ultimate goal of a community health assessment is to develop strategies to address the communitys health needs and identified issues. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were used for the county and the state and stratified by race. The decision-maker must ultimately balance health considerations with the many technical, social, political, and economic concerns that bear on the proposal. 2 Setting priorities considers pathways that appear most important from a public-health perspective and considers issues that have been raised prominently by stakeholders. Key Elements of Community Health Improvement Planning: From Assessment to Action Planning Key Elements of Community Health Improvement Planning: From Assessment to Action Planning CHA-CHIP Demonstration Project Improvement www.assesstoolkit.org April 23, 2012 The lines are muted. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Questions that are important from a public-health perspective might include the severity of the health effect, the size and likelihood of the effect, and the potential of the effect to exacerbate health disparities. What Is a Community Health Improvement Plan? HIA recommendations take various forms, and some examples are provided below. In other cases, all proposals in selected agencies or sectors have been screened by local governments (SFCC 1998; Lester et al. In others, scoping may identify studies that can be carried out by the HIA team or studies that can be carried out by experts involved in some other aspect of the planning, permitting, or review process (such as air-quality or traffic-safety analysis). That description is consistent with the earlier characterizations of HIA as a combination of procedures, methods, and tools (WHO 1999; Quigley et al. Quigley R, den Broeder L, Furu P, Bond A, Cave B, Bos R. Roscam Abbing EW. Careers. As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, HIAs in the United States are often conducted without a formal legal mandate and by an agency or organization that does not have decision- making authority. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. 2008). 2009; Bhatia et al. In: Kemm J, Parry J, Palmer S, editors. If the HIA is based on a thorough analysis, provides complete information so that community members are able to critique the analysis, and is conducted openly, it may provide reassurance to affected communities even if the conclusions do not support the communitys concerns. Human Impact Partners then worked with groups in other states to extrapolate the findings of the national report to local jurisdictions to analyze the health effects of paid sick days. The success of recommendations ultimately depends on the publics trust in and support of them. Another consideration is whether the proposal is likely to place a disproportionate burden of risk on vulnerable populations in the affected community; screening proposals on this basis helps to ensure that the HIA addresses the risk factors that underlie observed disparities in the rates of illness among various populations. A variety of planning and zoning, funding, and environmental regulatory decisions were required for the BeltLines various components to be developed. But few data may be available on the geographic scale of some decisions addressed in an HIA, such as decisions related to projects that would affect a rural area or a single neighborhood. Failing to undertake a systematic review may mean overlooking evidence that would lead an assessor to a different conclusion. McAuliffe M. Developers of Proposed Springfield Biomass Plant tell Public Health Council: Nothing Less Than the Best. Lifetime Effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through Age 40. About the Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, Maryland. In that case, a robust evaluation method, such as interviews conducted with decision-makers before and after the HIA, could provide the data needed to gauge the effect on decisions. Section 1508.27). The Atlanta Development Authoritys BeltLine Redevelopment Plan (November 2005) was identified as a coherent and publicly accepted vision that had been approved by local elected officials (ADA 2005). Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. Advisory, steering, and technical oversight committees are also commonly convened during scoping. Some decisions to conduct HIA may depend on a specific statutory requirement or mandated procedure. The Crossings is a proposed housing development in Los Angeles that will provide 450 units in a newly rezoned residential area that needs affordable housing. Dialogue with IRS staff and leadership on elements of the Revised 990, Schedule H Identification and examination of areas where: -There is a need for clarification (e.g., what constitutes meaningful community engagement, how to define community) -Selected reporting requirements as framed may yield unanticipated (and undesired . Rethinking human health impact assessment. Prospective health impact assessment: Pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward.

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